Leaf and Bloom Dates

How the timing of first leaf and first bloom dates in lilacs and honeysuckles has changed across the contiguous 48 states and Alaska.

This indicator examines the timing of leaf growth and flower blooms for two widely distributed plants in the United States.

Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1. First Leaf and Bloom Dates in the Contiguous 48 States, 1900-2023

Data source: Schwartz, 2024³
Web update: June 2024

Figure data (CSV) EPA source data (CSV)

Figure 1

This figure shows modeled trends in lilac and honeysuckle first leaf dates and first bloom dates across the contiguous 48 states, using the 1981 to 2010 average as a baseline. Positive values indicate that leaf growth and blooming began later in the year, and negative values indicate that leafing and blooming occurred earlier. The thicker lines were smoothed using a nine-year weighted average. Choosing a different long-term average for comparison would not change the shape of the data over time.

Show the data behind this figure

year	First leaf mean	First leaf 9-yr normal curve	First bloom mean	First bloom 9-yr normal curve
1900	3.8175824	4.1117948	1.5912088	2.4028824
1901	6.0443459	3.8630369	3.0864745	2.4033126
1902	2.7175732	3.4584998	3.2489540	2.3553150
1903	-0.4177950	3.2501322	-0.3617021	2.3264104
1904	7.7518116	3.1444655	5.2028986	2.2824343
1905	1.8428325	2.5990739	1.0639033	2.1089986
1906	3.4031414	1.5042485	1.9842932	1.6948543
1907	-4.2440273	0.5426746	1.5460751	1.1107492
1908	1.8545151	-0.0095639	-0.4197324	0.2171191
1909	2.7883756	-0.4558167	4.3502235	-1.0166995
1910	-5.7971014	-0.4836938	-10.9289855	-1.6151154
1911	-3.6054131	0.5580358	-2.4658120	-0.7543600
1912	9.8793343	2.1287600	7.4257975	0.8246600
1913	1.6767123	3.0847329	1.1232877	1.6991641
1914	2.1128405	3.1994485	1.4591440	1.7071620
1915	5.8456633	3.0006945	0.4285714	1.7858974
1916	-1.0871731	2.7220120	0.5068493	2.2465216
1917	7.1001221	2.2529349	8.4212454	2.5699126
1918	-2.1012346	1.7510059	-1.6098765	2.5016189
1919	1.7709360	1.1883877	2.1539409	2.0581812
1920	5.3071066	0.6721803	7.8832487	1.3128915
1921	-8.7493947	0.6934710	-8.0895884	0.6938100
1922	5.0452436	1.5899425	1.7877030	0.8872845
1923	3.2598608	2.5864568	2.7088167	1.4842587
1924	8.8300804	2.4310521	8.1825488	1.2134407
1925	-5.4159907	1.3979162	-7.4403245	0.2421957
1926	3.0593505	0.4803921	1.0772676	-0.3380398
1927	-1.9663043	0.1637628	-1.3021739	-0.1660135
1928	0.3225108	0.0898853	1.8668831	0.0226237
1929	3.4174654	-0.2395451	2.0724175	-0.3014401
1930	-4.4217119	-0.8434814	-5.1075157	-0.8574444
1931	-0.2310718	-1.4018008	0.8259587	-1.1662782
1932	-2.7925072	-1.6577799	-2.8895293	-1.1412217
1933	0.0771402	-1.7056594	1.9313264	-1.0536666
1934	-4.5023430	-1.3229689	-5.0074977	-0.8058404
1935	-1.7611524	-0.3286087	1.3596654	-0.3436995
1936	4.2344322	0.6584856	0.8122711	-0.0930955
1937	4.4260407	0.8860610	2.9388840	-0.4715520
1938	-5.2799311	0.8845424	-6.2609819	-0.8804504
1939	-0.4070147	1.6171726	-2.2699837	-0.5268819
1940	8.5683962	2.6812767	4.9834906	0.2755881
1941	2.9874016	2.9107946	-0.1968504	0.6812751
1942	2.4178762	2.2183003	0.5217723	0.5498306
1943	-2.0292083	1.3616448	-1.0553420	0.2120068
1944	5.8581132	0.5050484	4.1803774	-0.4941086
1945	-3.0060744	-0.1255059	-3.7015945	-1.2793263
1946	-5.9433681	0.1888245	-8.0208644	-1.2141053
1947	5.3931034	1.4302924	5.2045977	-0.2272567
1948	5.6857345	2.4097586	1.8608757	0.7296861
1949	1.3039591	2.3896135	-1.4533844	1.1413380
1950	0.4963636	1.8499528	3.0575758	1.2189264
1951	3.1227246	1.1322855	2.3640634	0.9710836
1952	1.4951456	0.1957259	-1.1450600	0.4078218
1953	-3.7971095	-0.4202911	0.7215120	-0.0700769
1954	-3.5874587	0.1437928	-2.6270627	0.0272446
1955	4.1688103	1.7372716	0.1393355	0.7277571
1956	5.2986877	3.3604409	5.0209974	1.6622972
1957	2.7985758	4.3504441	-1.1078332	2.4838523
1958	7.6747844	4.7469330	6.4911213	3.1012990
1959	2.3097961	4.7565555	1.3460965	3.5143754
1960	7.2363281	4.4711259	5.9882812	3.5169343
1961	2.4261984	4.0764067	3.4143332	3.0936747
1962	4.0476852	3.8642829	1.4856481	2.6632830
1963	1.5038100	4.0716554	-0.2510085	2.8081636
1964	7.2586521	4.3620824	5.7131148	3.5111114
1965	5.2865342	4.0922845	4.6454746	4.0366614
1966	3.8197002	3.2356386	6.0509636	3.8920213
1967	-0.9550847	2.6536701	1.1855932	3.4342887
1968	1.2498921	3.0789727	2.0254640	3.3331288
1969	6.0679652	4.0590008	3.7973477	3.6827431
1970	7.6956701	4.3744899	6.4548454	3.8048935
1971	4.0609304	3.5181364	4.0502264	3.2130883
1972	0.1169687	2.1004757	0.4481054	2.1430141
1973	1.1703226	1.1175391	2.0778495	1.2237742
1974	-3.4809035	0.9938434	-3.3626283	0.7437720
1975	8.1224406	1.4048153	7.2207207	0.3830565
1976	-4.1546602	2.3371207	-4.9898250	0.2731130
1977	2.5870607	3.9850386	-2.6142173	0.9911560
1978	9.8711906	5.7610048	5.8484356	2.3604251
1979	10.1002865	6.2344716	6.7093737	3.0936672
1980	5.8814103	5.1306503	3.0160256	2.7293918
1981	-2.0179116	3.8311271	-3.2198933	2.4330118
1982	4.9948960	3.3394989	3.3996859	2.9596302
1983	2.9598485	3.3797260	6.9208333	3.4405881
1984	5.5399618	2.8754214	6.7789675	2.5237968
1985	4.8842346	1.4344737	-1.2265804	0.4147800
1986	-7.1947170	-0.0842377	-6.5905660	-1.2920876
1987	-0.6726440	-0.7731076	-1.9011828	-1.6832985
1988	2.1025641	-0.9931616	1.6500754	-1.5035711
1989	-0.1325885	-1.6057198	-0.7549348	-1.7118852
1990	-6.2576664	-2.3036924	-5.2109200	-2.1312270
1991	-2.7567269	-2.1206699	-1.6564689	-1.9910971
1992	-3.5693620	-0.9188641	-4.0433976	-1.0493080
1993	5.8290059	0.2882862	4.2500000	0.1539190
1994	1.1419523	0.6497052	-0.2265276	1.1047674
1995	-2.5361830	0.3441363	1.4195726	1.6468032
1996	1.6939314	-0.1509347	3.8959668	1.6620781
1997	0.2082552	-0.8489494	2.1283302	0.9595231
1998	-1.8740658	-1.8216582	-1.2526158	-0.2758184
1999	-4.1684250	-2.3210561	-1.3956292	-1.2924937
2000	-7.3558541	-1.6345952	-5.7512476	-1.4053810
2001	6.1957350	-0.2949396	1.0514090	-0.7194067
2002	0.4356925	0.5060323	2.1464992	-0.0947862
2003	0.6526036	0.2232418	0.1828202	-0.2020155
2004	0.2251249	-0.6849005	-1.6431041	-0.8317691
2005	-2.5895404	-1.4861709	-0.9096672	-1.3849712
2006	-4.9703819	-1.3650760	-3.7404521	-1.2719483
2007	-1.4287968	-0.0812876	-2.8382643	-0.2572602
2008	6.5934827	1.4274881	5.6916497	0.9916967
2009	0.3828257	2.2229131	1.2398477	1.5816260
2010	4.0035971	1.9783074	1.9248601	1.0771044
2011	4.6907430	1.1506182	4.2772935	-0.0569580
2012	-9.7537409	0.7681713	-11.8871312	-0.6750533
2013	6.0787367	1.0557182	4.4697509	-0.4772547
2014	5.7521253	0.8577376	4.1977629	-0.5510883
2015	-0.9298246	-0.7405042	-2.8776547	-1.7968842
2016	-5.2232602	-2.5163648	-5.1387202	-3.1702550
2017	-9.9113324	-2.6978265	-8.8852537	-3.1208028
2018	2.8688047	-1.4231167	0.7215743	-1.7068373
2019	3.3086849	-0.1912020	2.9533499	-0.1822868
2020	-1.8313865	0.1802899	-0.1523616	0.5699221
2021	-0.6777494	0.1987575	0.0076726	0.7223952
2022	1.6687764	0.3199034	2.7515823	0.6552812
2023	0.0202559	0.4302384	-1.4045842	0.5380444

Figure 2

Figure 2

Figure 2. First Leaf and Bloom Dates in Alaska, 1950-2023

Data source: Schwartz, 2024³
Web update: June 2024

Figure data (CSV) EPA source data (CSV)

Figure 3

This figure shows modeled trends in lilac and honeysuckle first leaf dates and first bloom dates across Alaska, using the 1981 to 2010 average as a baseline. Positive values indicate that leaf growth and blooming began later in the year, and negative values indicate that leafing and blooming occurred earlier. The thicker lines were smoothed using a nine-year weighted average. Choosing a different long-term average for comparison would not change the shape of the data over time.

Show the data behind this figure

year	First leaf mean	First leaf 9-yr normal curve	First bloom mean	First bloom 9-yr normal curve
1950	9.8750000	7.7395425	10.5416667	7.7092288
1951	3.2500000	7.8562142	4.1071429	7.7250166
1952	17.2413793	7.4211375	15.2758621	7.1601777
1953	-1.4333333	6.7466821	-1.1666667	6.6829459
1954	5.6666667	6.4563155	3.5333333	7.0554381
1955	10.9032258	6.3801616	15.7741935	7.5209848
1956	6.8000000	5.5435955	10.3000000	6.4686142
1957	3.2068966	4.0281004	-0.8275862	4.1812244
1958	-2.0000000	3.0428373	-0.8709677	2.5519406
1959	5.8709677	2.9693485	4.3548387	2.3364658
1960	3.0666667	3.5779644	1.0666667	3.1583202
1961	1.2187500	4.6872560	3.2500000	4.5568149
1962	9.6451613	6.4173776	9.6774194	6.1852459
1963	2.6774194	8.5394449	4.2258065	7.8023407
1964	19.0967742	10.0657896	10.9354839	9.1470332
1965	8.9062500	10.1908670	12.9375000	9.5837752
1966	10.0689655	8.8736987	10.8275862	8.5045330
1967	6.7500000	6.8890008	4.5937500	6.3633688
1968	5.2941176	5.0529267	4.1470588	4.4075528
1969	0.2500000	4.3879126	-0.2812500	3.9110374
1970	-0.2812500	5.6426177	0.9375000	5.3813128
1971	14.0000000	7.7784699	12.2000000	7.7779611
1972	13.9677419	8.7950176	14.0000000	9.1963582
1973	6.0000000	8.1704272	9.0000000	8.9884854
1974	3.3103448	7.0531552	3.2068966	8.2137123
1975	10.6250000	5.9328548	10.8750000	7.4929220
1976	4.8000000	4.1987787	9.1142857	6.2269767
1977	2.4166667	1.6459795	3.6944444	3.9667182
1978	-3.5789474	-0.8463026	-0.0789474	1.4716240
1979	-3.9722222	-2.4319840	-2.5277778	-0.3264753
1980	-2.4615385	-2.6769160	0.4102564	-0.9334928
1981	-8.1750000	-1.6552053	-8.0750000	-0.2317607
1982	9.1315789	-0.1297561	9.9736842	1.1611944
1983	-4.6097561	1.4667527	-2.0487805	2.7479733
1984	1.6279070	3.0989615	2.0232558	4.3370484
1985	10.8809524	4.2174324	12.7142857	5.4069698
1986	6.1666667	3.8176485	5.5714286	5.0497346
1987	-1.1590909	2.1318290	2.8863636	3.3594888
1988	0.6590909	0.4150615	-0.0681818	1.4196442
1989	-0.5476190	-0.6425934	1.6904762	-0.1187515
1990	-4.8809524	-0.7785302	-6.2619048	-0.8686392
1991	0.1463415	-0.4117883	0.8292683	-1.1191447
1992	7.2325581	-0.7113271	4.0697674	-1.7296733
1993	-6.2790698	-2.1282117	-8.4186047	-2.9041979
1994	-4.8372093	-3.6631166	-3.0465116	-3.8556318
1995	-6.3023256	-4.2157788	-5.8372093	-3.8969441
1996	-2.3720930	-3.8104507	-2.6279070	-3.0892604
1997	-4.1904762	-2.6220352	-3.7857143	-1.4645739
1998	-4.3488372	-0.5764225	0.2325581	0.7463338
1999	5.7727273	1.8252710	5.7954545	2.7354449
2000	4.5000000	3.4832084	5.3181818	3.4795377
2001	6.4090909	3.3202807	5.5000000	2.4372550
2002	5.5121951	1.3001179	-0.6097561	0.0374219
2003	-6.6428571	-1.3617743	-2.7142857	-2.7183314
2004	-5.2558140	-2.7691713	-7.5116279	-4.4410680
2005	-7.1500000	-2.0355327	-10.4750000	-4.1169677
2006	6.4761905	-0.2111234	1.3333333	-2.0617352
2007	-1.0000000	1.2357894	0.3170732	0.1788819
2008	5.2750000	1.6010058	6.6500000	1.1317839
2009	0.5641026	1.3197767	-0.7179487	0.8469727
2010	-1.9534884	1.2015566	-2.6511628	0.4699492
2011	2.3095238	1.6986508	-0.3809524	0.6986397
2012	1.3888889	2.0433794	5.3611111	0.5909421
2013	11.4285714	0.6360555	3.6571429	-1.2068602
2014	-6.2432432	-2.7681744	-7.4864865	-4.3779749
2015	-8.4736842	-6.3504441	-9.7105263	-7.0587679
2016	-16.4000000	-7.7529950	-13.4571429	-7.6714929
2017	-4.5151515	-6.8516096	-4.6666667	-6.5868804
2018	-0.4411765	-5.3319393	-0.4705882	-5.3962383
2019	-7.7352941	-4.2506823	-7.4411765	-4.8511021
2020	-3.0555556	-3.2693519	-6.4722222	-4.3884725
2021	-3.3428571	-1.8473262	-1.8285714	-3.4814732
2022	1.0909091	-0.4620005	-3.6060606	-2.5144294
2023	4.0000000	0.0992164	1.6666667	-2.1157744

Figure 4

Figure 3

Figure 3. Change in First Leaf Date Between 1951-1960 and 2014-2023

Data source: Schwartz, 2024³
Web update: June 2024

Figure data (CSV) EPA source data (CSV)

Figure 5

This figure shows modeled trends in lilac and honeysuckle first leaf dates at weather stations across the contiguous 48 states and Alaska. This map compares the average first leaf date for two 10-year periods.

Show the data behind this figure

Latitude	Longitude	Change in first leaf date (days)
57.05°N	135.37°W	-25.45
37.34°N	121.63°W	-24.50
39.25°N	121.00°W	-23.59
41.39°N	70.52°W	-22.74
47.44°N	122.31°W	-22.25
39.51°N	119.77°W	-21.85
39.56°N	120.82°W	-20.18
37.96°N	119.78°W	-20.12
59.64°N	151.49°W	-19.50
40.92°N	81.44°W	-19.43
57.75°N	152.49°W	-19.43
42.60°N	123.37°W	-19.32
59.51°N	139.67°W	-19.27
47.31°N	121.86°W	-18.94
48.80°N	122.54°W	-18.77
32.99°N	116.59°W	-18.30
45.45°N	122.15°W	-18.25
41.49°N	71.54°W	-17.57
45.68°N	121.52°W	-17.57
41.25°N	80.67°W	-17.10
41.75°N	81.30°W	-17.07
42.86°N	100.55°W	-16.85
42.73°N	122.52°W	-16.61
45.44°N	105.41°W	-16.45
58.35°N	134.56°W	-16.27
48.99°N	122.76°W	-16.22
40.65°N	75.45°W	-16.18
38.13°N	105.47°W	-16.04
46.30°N	111.45°W	-16.03
39.39°N	120.09°W	-16.02
40.68°N	74.17°W	-15.68
45.49°N	111.63°W	-15.62
40.78°N	73.97°W	-15.38
39.41°N	79.40°W	-15.31
44.27°N	105.45°W	-15.28
41.31°N	95.90°W	-15.25
45.94°N	102.16°W	-15.20
45.27°N	122.32°W	-15.15
59.75°N	154.91°W	-14.97
41.77°N	99.18°W	-14.93
47.96°N	124.35°W	-14.78
38.93°N	97.21°W	-14.72
44.24°N	112.20°W	-14.70
39.67°N	75.61°W	-14.68
41.72°N	71.43°W	-14.68
40.82°N	115.79°W	-14.62
60.49°N	145.44°W	-14.62
58.68°N	156.63°W	-14.61
40.78°N	73.88°W	-14.55
34.93°N	112.81°W	-14.50
41.33°N	75.72°W	-14.44
44.84°N	106.84°W	-14.40
39.03°N	76.93°W	-14.32
57.16°N	170.22°W	-14.25
40.96°N	98.31°W	-14.07
41.98°N	97.43°W	-14.00
45.64°N	121.95°W	-13.97
39.87°N	75.23°W	-13.93
41.01°N	83.67°W	-13.90
41.15°N	104.81°W	-13.88
39.40°N	77.98°W	-13.85
37.44°N	105.86°W	-13.82
40.17°N	110.40°W	-13.75
46.97°N	122.91°W	-13.75
39.37°N	101.70°W	-13.70
39.07°N	95.63°W	-13.65
41.41°N	81.86°W	-13.65
40.96°N	72.72°W	-13.58
39.80°N	74.78°W	-13.57
55.22°N	162.73°W	-13.53
47.14°N	121.94°W	-13.53
39.53°N	121.16°W	-13.48
37.75°N	107.10°W	-13.44
44.95°N	123.29°W	-13.43
44.61°N	121.95°W	-13.43
41.77°N	74.15°W	-13.36
40.19°N	83.27°W	-13.36
40.64°N	73.76°W	-13.32
37.37°N	118.36°W	-13.28
46.37°N	117.02°W	-13.28
38.81°N	104.69°W	-13.28
40.58°N	105.09°W	-13.22
37.03°N	112.54°W	-13.22
42.38°N	122.88°W	-13.15
40.67°N	89.68°W	-13.10
39.38°N	74.42°W	-13.05
40.10°N	84.65°W	-12.93
42.95°N	123.36°W	-12.93
39.94°N	91.20°W	-12.93
35.24°N	112.19°W	-12.90
44.35°N	103.74°W	-12.85
40.97°N	111.43°W	-12.85
46.60°N	111.99°W	-12.85
42.05°N	91.59°W	-12.85
47.48°N	115.93°W	-12.79
41.10°N	92.44°W	-12.68
40.77°N	111.97°W	-12.65
45.60°N	122.61°W	-12.57
44.89°N	116.10°W	-12.50
47.82°N	112.19°W	-12.50
45.62°N	121.17°W	-12.50
40.97°N	85.21°W	-12.43
41.16°N	73.13°W	-12.42
39.27°N	80.35°W	-12.41
38.28°N	120.31°W	-12.39
41.05°N	83.66°W	-12.38
42.08°N	80.18°W	-12.32
44.09°N	104.61°W	-12.30
39.84°N	96.64°W	-12.30
40.40°N	111.53°W	-12.30
42.88°N	97.36°W	-12.23
48.60°N	112.38°W	-12.20
38.87°N	98.81°W	-12.20
41.12°N	100.67°W	-12.18
40.12°N	76.43°W	-12.17
34.57°N	112.43°W	-12.15
40.17°N	103.21°W	-12.15
47.01°N	123.40°W	-12.12
42.55°N	99.85°W	-12.09
46.82°N	108.37°W	-12.07
38.49°N	107.88°W	-11.97
34.65°N	112.42°W	-11.95
41.87°N	103.60°W	-11.90
38.89°N	79.86°W	-11.89
47.03°N	108.80°W	-11.86
43.25°N	104.29°W	-11.85
46.56°N	120.54°W	-11.82
41.70°N	122.64°W	-11.72
41.53°N	93.65°W	-11.70
43.89°N	100.71°W	-11.62
41.45°N	90.52°W	-11.62
47.45°N	104.34°W	-11.60
44.91°N	123.00°W	-11.60
37.61°N	109.48°W	-11.57
43.57°N	116.24°W	-11.55
38.52°N	89.85°W	-11.54
41.74°N	87.78°W	-11.53
40.54°N	97.59°W	-11.53
42.68°N	113.50°W	-11.50
42.39°N	96.38°W	-11.47
39.17°N	120.14°W	-11.38
39.51°N	79.14°W	-11.38
39.80°N	79.37°W	-11.35
37.27°N	99.33°W	-11.29
45.92°N	108.25°W	-11.26
46.60°N	107.87°W	-11.20
41.74°N	72.65°W	-11.15
38.82°N	106.13°W	-11.12
39.48°N	88.17°W	-11.12
39.16°N	90.78°W	-11.07
46.76°N	117.19°W	-11.06
44.38°N	100.29°W	-11.05
37.44°N	112.48°W	-11.04
34.23°N	111.34°W	-11.00
48.97°N	122.33°W	-10.97
45.21°N	123.89°W	-10.95
42.97°N	83.75°W	-10.95
44.26°N	121.14°W	-10.94
44.08°N	116.93°W	-10.93
43.44°N	103.47°W	-10.93
40.74°N	74.35°W	-10.90
38.85°N	77.03°W	-10.90
42.55°N	113.77°W	-10.88
39.85°N	89.68°W	-10.85
40.73°N	99.01°W	-10.82
45.70°N	110.44°W	-10.80
46.79°N	105.30°W	-10.78
44.84°N	117.81°W	-10.78
42.30°N	83.66°W	-10.75
41.57°N	101.69°W	-10.75
39.91°N	84.22°W	-10.75
44.10°N	105.12°W	-10.69
39.17°N	76.68°W	-10.68
35.14°N	111.67°W	-10.65
44.38°N	108.04°W	-10.60
43.24°N	97.57°W	-10.57
44.76°N	106.97°W	-10.57
42.92°N	112.57°W	-10.57
43.90°N	99.86°W	-10.55
39.30°N	114.85°W	-10.53
45.79°N	111.16°W	-10.53
45.53°N	102.47°W	-10.38
60.58°N	151.24°W	-10.35
45.89°N	104.55°W	-10.32
38.55°N	86.79°W	-10.30
34.11°N	109.86°W	-10.25
46.11°N	123.21°W	-10.20
42.19°N	89.09°W	-10.18
41.40°N	102.35°W	-10.17
38.37°N	110.72°W	-10.07
38.78°N	97.64°W	-10.06
39.22°N	105.28°W	-10.06
40.54°N	112.32°W	-10.05
38.86°N	99.34°W	-9.95
47.62°N	117.53°W	-9.95
39.71°N	86.28°W	-9.90
45.30°N	121.74°W	-9.89
38.44°N	107.56°W	-9.88
44.71°N	103.43°W	-9.88
41.51°N	111.16°W	-9.86
37.38°N	107.58°W	-9.85
42.85°N	77.28°W	-9.82
43.78°N	122.96°W	-9.80
43.88°N	91.25°W	-9.78
42.36°N	71.01°W	-9.72
42.96°N	87.90°W	-9.72
41.91°N	111.81°W	-9.71
40.78°N	81.92°W	-9.70
40.30°N	86.51°W	-9.70
40.07°N	97.17°W	-9.67
60.13°N	149.42°W	-9.65
39.60°N	83.91°W	-9.62
48.15°N	104.52°W	-9.60
40.95°N	83.96°W	-9.60
41.28°N	84.38°W	-9.55
60.79°N	161.83°W	-9.55
38.20°N	92.62°W	-9.53
41.71°N	86.32°W	-9.53
35.66°N	105.14°W	-9.50
39.04°N	84.67°W	-9.50
43.59°N	96.73°W	-9.47
42.26°N	84.46°W	-9.45
41.94°N	72.68°W	-9.44
39.15°N	75.51°W	-9.43
48.50°N	113.98°W	-9.43
46.09°N	118.29°W	-9.43
43.12°N	77.68°W	-9.40
41.42°N	78.75°W	-9.38
45.66°N	111.05°W	-9.30
41.45°N	97.76°W	-9.28
41.29°N	94.45°W	-9.25
45.54°N	106.96°W	-9.25
44.13°N	123.22°W	-9.25
45.97°N	109.25°W	-9.21
40.49°N	107.25°W	-9.21
42.75°N	73.80°W	-9.20
45.96°N	112.50°W	-9.20
41.45°N	82.72°W	-9.18
39.75°N	122.20°W	-9.15
45.81°N	108.55°W	-9.15
38.18°N	85.73°W	-9.12
48.21°N	106.62°W	-9.12
40.71°N	122.42°W	-9.10
42.41°N	83.01°W	-9.10
36.43°N	94.45°W	-9.07
39.13°N	94.59°W	-9.05
41.24°N	76.92°W	-9.05
39.77°N	75.54°W	-9.00
39.65°N	79.92°W	-9.00
40.08°N	95.59°W	-9.00
41.79°N	90.26°W	-8.99
43.49°N	99.06°W	-8.97
41.81°N	107.20°W	-8.97
44.63°N	123.19°W	-8.97
45.84°N	101.28°W	-8.95
42.55°N	92.40°W	-8.95
35.95°N	106.75°W	-8.93
40.37°N	95.75°W	-8.93
40.81°N	82.97°W	-8.93
40.90°N	117.81°W	-8.90
41.79°N	70.92°W	-8.89
42.16°N	95.78°W	-8.88
38.82°N	81.71°W	-8.88
46.43°N	105.88°W	-8.88
41.07°N	86.21°W	-8.75
45.43°N	101.08°W	-8.72
38.80°N	99.72°W	-8.72
44.84°N	108.40°W	-8.72
46.29°N	107.23°W	-8.71
46.99°N	104.16°W	-8.67
43.22°N	78.22°W	-8.67
40.27°N	74.56°W	-8.65
41.42°N	95.00°W	-8.62
42.76°N	96.92°W	-8.62
38.05°N	103.51°W	-8.62
39.42°N	85.01°W	-8.62
36.60°N	78.30°W	-8.62
36.07°N	115.16°W	-8.55
40.08°N	111.60°W	-8.51
40.29°N	109.96°W	-8.51
48.25°N	101.27°W	-8.50
47.47°N	111.38°W	-8.47
42.82°N	108.73°W	-8.47
43.30°N	91.80°W	-8.46
42.56°N	77.72°W	-8.44
41.02°N	91.96°W	-8.43
41.66°N	85.02°W	-8.43
39.13°N	108.54°W	-8.43
39.26°N	111.63°W	-8.40
36.01°N	85.13°W	-8.40
40.67°N	96.19°W	-8.38
47.00°N	118.57°W	-8.38
36.10°N	79.94°W	-8.38
40.31°N	88.16°W	-8.38
43.38°N	95.18°W	-8.36
41.00°N	95.24°W	-8.34
36.96°N	86.42°W	-8.32
40.47°N	87.69°W	-8.30
41.59°N	109.05°W	-8.30
43.19°N	103.24°W	-8.29
41.75°N	111.80°W	-8.25
35.07°N	108.84°W	-8.20
40.10°N	83.78°W	-8.19
45.69°N	118.85°W	-8.18
38.23°N	75.38°W	-8.17
40.36°N	109.35°W	-8.17
39.47°N	80.86°W	-8.12
43.52°N	112.07°W	-8.10
43.68°N	121.69°W	-8.08
43.17°N	95.15°W	-8.07
43.71°N	72.29°W	-8.05
44.57°N	116.68°W	-8.03
37.73°N	105.51°W	-8.03
42.90°N	106.47°W	-8.03
38.03°N	84.61°W	-8.03
43.45°N	76.54°W	-8.02
39.20°N	96.58°W	-8.00
62.32°N	150.10°W	-8.00
45.90°N	100.29°W	-7.97
40.15°N	89.34°W	-7.97
40.48°N	80.21°W	-7.95
47.05°N	109.46°W	-7.90
37.20°N	80.41°W	-7.88
42.27°N	71.87°W	-7.85
40.72°N	84.13°W	-7.83
35.03°N	110.72°W	-7.83
38.10°N	81.85°W	-7.78
38.34°N	75.51°W	-7.78
40.52°N	101.03°W	-7.76
45.37°N	119.56°W	-7.76
42.79°N	91.10°W	-7.75
40.57°N	74.88°W	-7.75
44.79°N	122.82°W	-7.73
37.21°N	112.98°W	-7.72
39.99°N	82.88°W	-7.62
43.17°N	86.24°W	-7.62
39.01°N	99.87°W	-7.58
42.95°N	78.74°W	-7.55
37.69°N	106.31°W	-7.53
47.32°N	116.58°W	-7.50
41.96°N	84.99°W	-7.47
41.59°N	81.19°W	-7.47
44.10°N	122.69°W	-7.47
40.15°N	122.25°W	-7.47
46.54°N	102.87°W	-7.43
45.89°N	106.63°W	-7.40
39.64°N	77.70°W	-7.38
40.91°N	89.03°W	-7.33
48.34°N	114.02°W	-7.33
44.41°N	103.48°W	-7.33
39.34°N	81.44°W	-7.30
33.95°N	83.33°W	-7.30
40.00°N	86.35°W	-7.29
41.50°N	80.47°W	-7.29
47.23°N	117.36°W	-7.28
43.71°N	106.64°W	-7.28
41.68°N	78.80°W	-7.25
42.91°N	98.85°W	-7.24
39.16°N	89.49°W	-7.22
43.88°N	95.12°W	-7.21
46.84°N	92.21°W	-7.20
37.71°N	113.10°W	-7.20
39.63°N	113.89°W	-7.18
48.52°N	105.30°W	-7.17
40.94°N	100.15°W	-7.16
45.34°N	111.71°W	-7.15
44.38°N	98.22°W	-7.15
46.77°N	100.76°W	-7.15
41.56°N	85.88°W	-7.12
42.40°N	90.71°W	-7.10
36.45°N	103.15°W	-7.05
46.80°N	102.80°W	-7.05
42.61°N	82.82°W	-7.03
40.44°N	109.54°W	-7.03
44.00°N	91.44°W	-7.01
34.53°N	117.29°W	-7.00
41.92°N	84.02°W	-7.00
40.79°N	77.87°W	-7.00
39.96°N	111.78°W	-7.00
41.38°N	83.61°W	-6.97
42.21°N	122.71°W	-6.95
48.50°N	109.80°W	-6.91
37.20°N	108.49°W	-6.90
38.53°N	81.92°W	-6.89
41.03°N	74.42°W	-6.88
40.06°N	77.52°W	-6.88
41.18°N	97.55°W	-6.86
42.20°N	75.98°W	-6.86
61.57°N	149.25°W	-6.86
45.12°N	122.07°W	-6.86
45.18°N	109.26°W	-6.85
39.46°N	80.14°W	-6.85
42.40°N	94.63°W	-6.83
43.64°N	70.30°W	-6.83
46.92°N	114.09°W	-6.80
43.72°N	123.06°W	-6.79
39.56°N	111.87°W	-6.78
40.72°N	95.02°W	-6.75
42.21°N	71.11°W	-6.75
40.20°N	115.49°W	-6.75
43.96°N	101.86°W	-6.73
66.89°N	162.61°W	-6.71
45.12°N	95.93°W	-6.70
62.96°N	141.94°W	-6.69
33.66°N	82.19°W	-6.67
40.14°N	91.52°W	-6.65
66.92°N	151.52°W	-6.65
48.35°N	116.84°W	-6.65
42.40°N	89.99°W	-6.65
40.18°N	97.59°W	-6.65
44.05°N	103.05°W	-6.65
48.47°N	120.19°W	-6.64
47.48°N	100.45°W	-6.63
40.12°N	102.72°W	-6.61
40.58°N	90.97°W	-6.60
48.27°N	117.74°W	-6.60
39.17°N	85.92°W	-6.57
41.37°N	93.65°W	-6.57
39.95°N	81.89°W	-6.53
43.05°N	114.16°W	-6.50
42.07°N	94.85°W	-6.50
44.55°N	95.08°W	-6.50
43.97°N	112.26°W	-6.49
40.61°N	96.87°W	-6.49
43.53°N	84.08°W	-6.45
42.90°N	102.20°W	-6.44
43.37°N	99.84°W	-6.40
42.65°N	95.19°W	-6.39
41.90°N	78.71°W	-6.38
41.32°N	105.67°W	-6.38
41.87°N	120.16°W	-6.33
38.72°N	76.19°W	-6.33
39.27°N	103.67°W	-6.33
39.07°N	100.24°W	-6.32
64.51°N	165.44°W	-6.28
44.07°N	98.08°W	-6.27
42.04°N	95.33°W	-6.22
41.97°N	73.22°W	-6.20
42.23°N	113.89°W	-6.20
43.41°N	124.24°W	-6.20
38.19°N	81.37°W	-6.17
62.16°N	145.46°W	-6.17
35.47°N	114.92°W	-6.16
44.47°N	73.15°W	-6.15
38.71°N	112.95°W	-6.12
43.14°N	70.95°W	-6.10
40.94°N	90.64°W	-6.08
47.43°N	120.31°W	-6.07
38.43°N	122.86°W	-6.05
43.11°N	76.10°W	-6.05
38.05°N	87.51°W	-6.05
40.27°N	105.83°W	-6.03
44.01°N	96.33°W	-6.03
37.51°N	77.32°W	-6.03
47.31°N	119.52°W	-6.03
38.44°N	106.76°W	-6.02
42.06°N	92.92°W	-6.00
37.81°N	100.35°W	-6.00
42.56°N	87.82°W	-6.00
32.75°N	109.12°W	-5.97
35.86°N	106.32°W	-5.96
42.99°N	97.87°W	-5.95
43.14°N	89.35°W	-5.95
37.67°N	95.48°W	-5.92
41.75°N	76.44°W	-5.91
38.53°N	106.97°W	-5.88
39.12°N	97.70°W	-5.85
41.67°N	103.10°W	-5.84
48.71°N	121.14°W	-5.83
43.21°N	71.50°W	-5.83
43.46°N	89.73°W	-5.78
42.98°N	82.42°W	-5.75
47.88°N	114.03°W	-5.70
45.21°N	112.64°W	-5.70
45.46°N	98.41°W	-5.67
63.99°N	145.72°W	-5.67
39.83°N	95.09°W	-5.65
35.03°N	85.20°W	-5.65
42.78°N	96.15°W	-5.62
38.95°N	119.78°W	-5.62
35.18°N	79.68°W	-5.62
38.27°N	122.07°W	-5.61
36.38°N	84.87°W	-5.61
34.18°N	118.57°W	-5.59
39.72°N	91.37°W	-5.58
42.88°N	91.83°W	-5.57
43.76°N	94.17°W	-5.55
43.85°N	104.19°W	-5.54
41.43°N	96.47°W	-5.53
39.64°N	91.25°W	-5.52
42.06°N	97.97°W	-5.50
44.50°N	88.11°W	-5.50
34.47°N	91.42°W	-5.47
45.87°N	95.39°W	-5.47
39.60°N	85.45°W	-5.43
41.41°N	99.68°W	-5.43
44.98°N	110.70°W	-5.43
33.63°N	84.44°W	-5.42
38.75°N	90.37°W	-5.42
41.52°N	84.15°W	-5.40
38.03°N	78.52°W	-5.40
42.36°N	92.76°W	-5.38
41.03°N	98.92°W	-5.38
35.80°N	82.67°W	-5.38
39.81°N	120.47°W	-5.33
36.84°N	108.00°W	-5.33
62.96°N	155.61°W	-5.33
41.85°N	79.15°W	-5.33
37.07°N	88.77°W	-5.33
33.43°N	112.00°W	-5.33
48.69°N	116.31°W	-5.31
37.76°N	99.97°W	-5.30
44.89°N	93.23°W	-5.30
36.78°N	119.72°W	-5.28
36.94°N	76.29°W	-5.26
39.59°N	122.53°W	-5.25
42.76°N	93.20°W	-5.25
46.99°N	112.01°W	-5.25
48.65°N	118.74°W	-5.25
46.73°N	116.96°W	-5.22
40.95°N	90.39°W	-5.22
38.45°N	78.94°W	-5.22
37.24°N	93.40°W	-5.22
35.67°N	120.63°W	-5.22
43.15°N	124.40°W	-5.22
39.37°N	106.19°W	-5.21
45.48°N	120.72°W	-5.20
43.15°N	93.33°W	-5.20
34.80°N	109.89°W	-5.19
45.03°N	123.92°W	-5.17
37.32°N	79.97°W	-5.17
34.15°N	118.14°W	-5.17
35.52°N	111.37°W	-5.16
34.31°N	112.17°W	-5.15
41.78°N	88.31°W	-5.15
43.90°N	92.49°W	-5.15
38.21°N	98.21°W	-5.12
42.45°N	76.45°W	-5.12
30.74°N	98.65°W	-5.12
43.21°N	91.10°W	-5.10
35.23°N	101.71°W	-5.10
43.24°N	99.43°W	-5.08
41.40°N	79.83°W	-5.03
44.93°N	89.63°W	-5.03
38.30°N	122.46°W	-5.00
38.53°N	121.98°W	-5.00
39.11°N	108.35°W	-5.00
45.64°N	109.27°W	-5.00
44.92°N	110.42°W	-5.00
40.60°N	79.12°W	-4.97
36.11°N	86.69°W	-4.97
44.74°N	85.57°W	-4.97
37.68°N	121.75°W	-4.97
34.98°N	91.50°W	-4.97
39.28°N	81.56°W	-4.97
41.61°N	86.73°W	-4.95
38.04°N	78.01°W	-4.95
42.51°N	99.03°W	-4.94
39.76°N	87.23°W	-4.93
40.49°N	106.82°W	-4.92
33.81°N	118.15°W	-4.92
43.06°N	92.67°W	-4.90
45.77°N	108.48°W	-4.88
37.00°N	119.71°W	-4.85
41.46°N	97.33°W	-4.85
33.74°N	117.87°W	-4.83
40.95°N	91.56°W	-4.83
34.13°N	116.04°W	-4.83
38.51°N	121.50°W	-4.83
37.06°N	120.87°W	-4.80
39.09°N	120.95°W	-4.79
39.82°N	97.64°W	-4.79
33.80°N	118.34°W	-4.78
41.03°N	86.59°W	-4.78
42.31°N	78.02°W	-4.78
64.80°N	147.88°W	-4.78
44.75°N	89.25°W	-4.76
41.88°N	92.28°W	-4.70
39.21°N	96.37°W	-4.70
37.60°N	94.28°W	-4.70
34.77°N	114.62°W	-4.70
40.48°N	124.10°W	-4.67
39.76°N	104.87°W	-4.67
37.89°N	121.23°W	-4.67
37.62°N	122.37°W	-4.67
40.77°N	95.37°W	-4.65
34.96°N	93.16°W	-4.62
41.90°N	90.15°W	-4.62
48.92°N	103.30°W	-4.61
43.57°N	91.23°W	-4.61
42.54°N	90.65°W	-4.60
38.60°N	100.62°W	-4.60
41.83°N	111.32°W	-4.60
40.65°N	98.38°W	-4.58
44.90°N	97.15°W	-4.58
39.74°N	99.84°W	-4.56
39.29°N	112.65°W	-4.55
38.56°N	121.42°W	-4.55
38.68°N	121.79°W	-4.54
40.85°N	101.54°W	-4.50
42.33°N	78.46°W	-4.50
41.31°N	81.15°W	-4.50
37.32°N	79.21°W	-4.50
42.52°N	93.25°W	-4.47
32.90°N	107.31°W	-4.43
64.86°N	147.85°W	-4.42
40.14°N	87.65°W	-4.42
38.91°N	76.97°W	-4.42
44.38°N	97.55°W	-4.42
40.43°N	105.21°W	-4.40
40.35°N	83.78°W	-4.40
41.26°N	111.84°W	-4.39
43.43°N	96.17°W	-4.38
42.62°N	89.39°W	-4.38
36.48°N	82.40°W	-4.38
40.08°N	88.24°W	-4.37
44.87°N	91.49°W	-4.35
41.20°N	90.74°W	-4.33
38.30°N	76.42°W	-4.33
41.67°N	94.50°W	-4.33
35.60°N	82.56°W	-4.33
46.87°N	68.02°W	-4.33
45.03°N	99.12°W	-4.32
44.42°N	72.02°W	-4.30
35.20°N	103.69°W	-4.28
34.85°N	83.94°W	-4.22
38.67°N	96.95°W	-4.21
46.72°N	122.95°W	-4.21
37.55°N	91.88°W	-4.20
63.72°N	148.97°W	-4.17
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43.95°N	111.68°W	-4.17
38.38°N	88.33°W	-4.17
41.57°N	90.40°W	-4.15
47.41°N	121.76°W	-4.15
39.45°N	88.60°W	-4.14
38.28°N	122.26°W	-4.12
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48.30°N	114.26°W	-4.10
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33.43°N	111.92°W	-4.08
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42.10°N	76.84°W	-4.08
43.79°N	123.03°W	-4.07
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33.95°N	81.12°W	-4.05
37.26°N	104.33°W	-4.04
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47.62°N	111.99°W	-3.97
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34.65°N	120.45°W	-3.95
42.26°N	90.42°W	-3.95
45.52°N	123.10°W	-3.94
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41.02°N	93.28°W	-3.93
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36.66°N	121.61°W	-3.93
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42.59°N	71.02°W	-3.92
42.76°N	95.54°W	-3.90
43.98°N	117.02°W	-3.90
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28.02°N	82.14°W	-3.88
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64.86°N	147.86°W	-3.88
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32.78°N	79.92°W	-2.70
43.56°N	90.88°W	-2.69
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44.64°N	90.13°W	-2.65
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32.13°N	110.96°W	-2.65
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36.40°N	81.31°W	-2.56
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38.10°N	98.66°W	-2.53
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30.29°N	81.39°W	-2.50
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44.33°N	91.92°W	-2.38
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42.42°N	94.98°W	-2.33
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43.05°N	91.14°W	-2.27
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34.42°N	119.84°W	-2.25
44.07°N	93.53°W	-2.23
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43.20°N	85.24°W	-2.22
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44.12°N	89.54°W	-2.20
35.04°N	106.62°W	-2.20
44.27°N	85.40°W	-2.17
45.77°N	92.69°W	-2.17
31.54°N	82.51°W	-2.12
42.08°N	90.66°W	-2.11
41.84°N	89.51°W	-2.10
39.27°N	79.37°W	-2.06
39.81°N	97.06°W	-2.05
36.55°N	87.34°W	-2.05
31.15°N	81.39°W	-2.02
33.62°N	114.71°W	-2.02
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39.61°N	82.96°W	-2.00
43.03°N	112.43°W	-1.99
33.66°N	101.28°W	-1.98
28.15°N	82.75°W	-1.95
40.28°N	100.14°W	-1.95
36.32°N	119.64°W	-1.94
37.30°N	76.70°W	-1.94
43.79°N	75.48°W	-1.90
30.33°N	95.48°W	-1.89
41.33°N	88.91°W	-1.89
42.78°N	91.45°W	-1.88
41.20°N	80.81°W	-1.88
40.81°N	124.16°W	-1.82
39.62°N	87.67°W	-1.81
42.15°N	92.01°W	-1.81
41.71°N	93.03°W	-1.81
42.47°N	93.80°W	-1.81
38.23°N	78.12°W	-1.80
35.89°N	78.78°W	-1.80
48.61°N	100.73°W	-1.79
45.59°N	95.87°W	-1.77
35.22°N	80.95°W	-1.77
43.46°N	86.42°W	-1.75
40.85°N	84.58°W	-1.75
39.11°N	82.98°W	-1.75
47.68°N	114.24°W	-1.72
36.33°N	119.30°W	-1.70
39.42°N	92.81°W	-1.70
48.67°N	102.10°W	-1.70
44.93°N	74.85°W	-1.70
46.04°N	99.37°W	-1.69
37.95°N	107.87°W	-1.68
38.02°N	97.36°W	-1.68
33.63°N	116.16°W	-1.68
34.99°N	99.05°W	-1.68
33.24°N	116.76°W	-1.64
39.46°N	118.78°W	-1.63
43.28°N	93.63°W	-1.62
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34.19°N	79.73°W	-1.60
41.13°N	101.72°W	-1.58
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44.62°N	88.75°W	-1.50
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32.84°N	96.84°W	-1.50
44.26°N	71.25°W	-1.48
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44.28°N	83.50°W	+0.12
45.79°N	88.08°W	+0.12
45.13°N	94.53°W	+0.12
32.70°N	96.02°W	+0.17
39.62°N	106.03°W	+0.20
38.87°N	106.98°W	+0.22
45.18°N	89.66°W	+0.25
33.98°N	98.49°W	+0.25
42.72°N	74.93°W	+0.28
37.09°N	81.34°W	+0.29
31.94°N	102.19°W	+0.33
37.13°N	96.18°W	+0.33
38.04°N	103.69°W	+0.36
48.97°N	97.24°W	+0.37
37.95°N	86.77°W	+0.38
34.64°N	81.52°W	+0.38
33.70°N	96.64°W	+0.38
25.92°N	97.42°W	+0.39
37.16°N	98.03°W	+0.42
35.27°N	82.65°W	+0.42
35.07°N	77.05°W	+0.42
37.99°N	76.78°W	+0.47
44.45°N	71.19°W	+0.47
43.86°N	110.59°W	+0.47
34.90°N	76.88°W	+0.47
31.18°N	90.47°W	+0.53
44.73°N	92.46°W	+0.53
31.81°N	106.38°W	+0.55
31.24°N	94.75°W	+0.55
34.18°N	91.93°W	+0.57
48.90°N	117.83°W	+0.58
38.89°N	86.55°W	+0.60
43.31°N	96.59°W	+0.63
37.76°N	81.19°W	+0.65
42.94°N	72.32°W	+0.68
30.48°N	81.70°W	+0.68
44.69°N	70.16°W	+0.70
30.71°N	95.54°W	+0.70
32.38°N	81.67°W	+0.72
30.00°N	90.28°W	+0.75
44.05°N	96.59°W	+0.76
39.77°N	101.81°W	+0.80
44.31°N	85.21°W	+0.80
45.81°N	96.50°W	+0.81
37.24°N	95.70°W	+0.82
30.20°N	91.99°W	+0.82
31.25°N	89.34°W	+0.83
32.95°N	105.82°W	+0.83
43.44°N	75.37°W	+0.85
34.57°N	85.61°W	+0.88
35.41°N	86.81°W	+0.88
34.06°N	85.23°W	+0.89
34.75°N	79.47°W	+0.90
38.76°N	82.89°W	+0.90
32.02°N	97.11°W	+0.93
31.18°N	83.75°W	+0.96
46.82°N	117.88°W	+0.97
48.19°N	114.13°W	+0.97
32.41°N	99.68°W	+0.97
34.67°N	86.05°W	+1.00
28.72°N	96.25°W	+1.00
39.23°N	106.32°W	+1.00
34.43°N	100.28°W	+1.02
42.95°N	112.83°W	+1.04
38.36°N	87.59°W	+1.06
30.68°N	88.24°W	+1.07
35.67°N	85.78°W	+1.10
36.61°N	88.30°W	+1.12
37.32°N	92.98°W	+1.12
30.42°N	92.04°W	+1.16
38.94°N	77.11°W	+1.17
44.65°N	84.70°W	+1.18
31.62°N	97.23°W	+1.18
42.70°N	87.79°W	+1.20
43.17°N	88.74°W	+1.20
35.59°N	88.92°W	+1.20
37.84°N	94.37°W	+1.22
35.25°N	90.80°W	+1.26
44.09°N	87.65°W	+1.30
46.51°N	99.77°W	+1.33
29.47°N	96.94°W	+1.35
45.96°N	94.89°W	+1.40
35.88°N	77.54°W	+1.42
39.44°N	90.38°W	+1.43
31.81°N	95.14°W	+1.43
35.41°N	80.56°W	+1.45
31.37°N	100.49°W	+1.45
43.49°N	110.76°W	+1.55
29.96°N	91.71°W	+1.56
32.52°N	92.03°W	+1.57
48.70°N	106.32°W	+1.60
35.85°N	77.03°W	+1.62
34.73°N	100.54°W	+1.62
34.30°N	83.86°W	+1.63
35.79°N	78.70°W	+1.64
35.68°N	80.48°W	+1.68
46.88°N	98.69°W	+1.73
39.41°N	105.48°W	+1.77
47.66°N	118.16°W	+1.78
44.76°N	88.62°W	+1.80
36.50°N	80.65°W	+1.82
44.89°N	87.96°W	+1.82
45.53°N	92.02°W	+1.83
37.73°N	89.17°W	+1.83
44.88°N	87.34°W	+1.88
36.87°N	94.36°W	+1.90
30.20°N	91.13°W	+1.93
34.68°N	81.20°W	+1.93
47.25°N	94.22°W	+1.93
33.71°N	93.56°W	+1.98
37.63°N	104.80°W	+1.98
48.54°N	121.74°W	+2.00
38.05°N	102.13°W	+2.05
30.88°N	87.79°W	+2.08
37.39°N	93.95°W	+2.08
35.91°N	79.08°W	+2.10
33.22°N	92.81°W	+2.14
44.40°N	68.99°W	+2.17
36.82°N	79.41°W	+2.23
38.80°N	81.36°W	+2.23
37.16°N	101.34°W	+2.27
31.14°N	93.24°W	+2.30
34.66°N	82.82°W	+2.30
36.77°N	96.01°W	+2.33
30.54°N	91.15°W	+2.35
34.22°N	102.73°W	+2.38
34.53°N	82.66°W	+2.40
45.60°N	89.45°W	+2.43
44.80°N	69.89°W	+2.49
34.61°N	81.67°W	+2.50
46.25°N	91.80°W	+2.52
36.23°N	99.17°W	+2.55
43.65°N	117.25°W	+2.58
28.46°N	97.71°W	+2.60
34.56°N	101.72°W	+2.60
37.01°N	101.89°W	+2.62
46.47°N	90.19°W	+2.69
30.11°N	83.18°W	+2.70
34.20°N	81.41°W	+2.73
37.78°N	79.44°W	+2.73
37.29°N	96.94°W	+2.77
43.24°N	116.38°W	+2.77
33.20°N	97.11°W	+2.86
32.47°N	87.23°W	+2.87
35.18°N	83.39°W	+2.88
33.29°N	81.03°W	+2.89
33.01°N	82.39°W	+2.93
34.30°N	79.88°W	+3.00
37.76°N	87.65°W	+3.02
36.75°N	86.23°W	+3.05
32.49°N	94.33°W	+3.10
31.32°N	92.46°W	+3.13
34.70°N	79.88°W	+3.13
37.19°N	99.76°W	+3.14
31.78°N	103.20°W	+3.20
32.75°N	104.38°W	+3.23
34.37°N	81.08°W	+3.24
39.49°N	105.10°W	+3.25
43.83°N	82.64°W	+3.27
38.61°N	95.28°W	+3.27
47.82°N	96.61°W	+3.30
45.72°N	120.21°W	+3.32
35.69°N	77.95°W	+3.33
35.27°N	81.14°W	+3.38
30.07°N	91.03°W	+3.40
35.98°N	83.20°W	+3.40
35.69°N	83.54°W	+3.44
35.23°N	93.17°W	+3.46
45.89°N	89.73°W	+3.46
34.89°N	79.69°W	+3.53
46.31°N	119.26°W	+3.53
43.63°N	72.98°W	+3.58
35.49°N	82.97°W	+3.60
36.52°N	82.53°W	+3.62
32.45°N	100.53°W	+3.62
32.20°N	83.21°W	+3.64
28.80°N	82.31°W	+3.65
45.68°N	122.65°W	+3.69
30.78°N	85.55°W	+3.70
32.33°N	104.26°W	+3.70
39.99°N	105.27°W	+3.73
38.12°N	83.53°W	+3.75
37.37°N	95.29°W	+3.89
32.75°N	97.77°W	+3.93
46.59°N	89.55°W	+4.00
34.98°N	80.52°W	+4.03
36.40°N	77.42°W	+4.05
36.08°N	87.40°W	+4.11
34.29°N	85.97°W	+4.12
45.17°N	84.44°W	+4.12
31.45°N	83.48°W	+4.16
37.19°N	95.45°W	+4.17
34.05°N	94.35°W	+4.17
32.18°N	94.80°W	+4.20
34.50°N	82.02°W	+4.26
35.62°N	88.85°W	+4.29
34.24°N	85.16°W	+4.41
37.15°N	92.26°W	+4.47
44.14°N	87.57°W	+4.50
37.29°N	100.35°W	+4.60
45.10°N	87.62°W	+4.70
34.23°N	92.02°W	+4.75
37.60°N	101.29°W	+4.76
45.36°N	86.89°W	+4.80
30.20°N	92.66°W	+4.84
37.47°N	96.27°W	+4.87
35.83°N	91.79°W	+4.89
34.48°N	84.45°W	+4.89
45.03°N	84.71°W	+4.89
38.68°N	93.22°W	+4.92
34.37°N	89.53°W	+5.03
46.06°N	88.63°W	+5.05
37.03°N	100.91°W	+5.12
37.38°N	89.67°W	+5.23
33.55°N	102.38°W	+5.25
33.99°N	81.77°W	+5.28
34.73°N	76.74°W	+5.33
45.65°N	84.47°W	+5.35
34.52°N	83.53°W	+5.45
35.27°N	91.72°W	+5.57
46.55°N	87.38°W	+5.62
34.35°N	82.93°W	+5.67
33.82°N	93.39°W	+5.71
37.27°N	97.42°W	+5.81
35.91°N	81.54°W	+5.85
36.42°N	97.87°W	+5.95
34.60°N	103.22°W	+5.97
35.21°N	82.25°W	+6.03
36.59°N	101.62°W	+6.12
35.71°N	79.84°W	+6.20
34.60°N	91.99°W	+6.33
39.14°N	77.71°W	+6.33
35.73°N	81.67°W	+6.33
34.88°N	82.72°W	+6.44
35.31°N	83.17°W	+6.45
32.31°N	97.41°W	+6.47
45.37°N	84.98°W	+6.50
47.60°N	112.75°W	+6.50
34.75°N	83.08°W	+6.53
34.69°N	86.88°W	+6.55
36.11°N	82.84°W	+6.72
30.55°N	87.88°W	+6.73
45.95°N	86.25°W	+6.75
30.94°N	95.92°W	+6.78
36.42°N	82.98°W	+6.79
34.98°N	101.93°W	+6.90
35.60°N	91.27°W	+7.38
35.99°N	92.72°W	+7.62
34.80°N	92.84°W	+7.71
36.39°N	95.06°W	+7.72
34.39°N	92.84°W	+7.83
35.85°N	80.26°W	+7.95
34.89°N	83.40°W	+8.00
35.59°N	89.26°W	+8.09
35.85°N	90.66°W	+8.13
33.94°N	80.35°W	+8.54
36.26°N	90.97°W	+8.58
35.41°N	104.19°W	+8.76
36.42°N	92.92°W	+9.00
35.87°N	103.18°W	+9.17
33.21°N	98.17°W	+9.63
36.25°N	85.95°W	+9.70
35.81°N	80.88°W	+10.07
36.34°N	88.86°W	+10.33
35.92°N	86.37°W	+10.80
32.81°N	93.06°W	+12.83

Figure 6

Figure 4

Figure 4. Change in First Bloom Date Between 1951-1960 and 2014-2023

Data source: Schwartz, 2024³
Web update: June 2024

Figure data (CSV) EPA source data (CSV)

Figure 7

This figure shows modeled trends in lilac and honeysuckle first bloom dates at weather stations across the contiguous 48 states and Alaska. This map compares the average first bloom date for two 10-year periods.

Show the data behind this figure

Latitude	Longitude	Change in first bloom date (days)
37.34°N	121.63°W	-33.50
39.51°N	119.77°W	-23.77
57.16°N	170.22°W	-22.38
47.44°N	122.31°W	-22.05
39.25°N	121.00°W	-20.91
59.64°N	151.49°W	-20.60
55.22°N	162.73°W	-19.57
42.95°N	123.36°W	-18.80
57.75°N	152.49°W	-18.65
48.99°N	122.76°W	-18.11
36.07°N	115.16°W	-18.02
37.27°N	99.33°W	-18.00
47.31°N	121.86°W	-17.81
38.93°N	97.21°W	-17.55
37.96°N	119.78°W	-17.38
32.99°N	116.59°W	-17.00
57.05°N	135.37°W	-16.60
45.21°N	123.89°W	-16.43
47.96°N	124.35°W	-16.25
48.80°N	122.54°W	-15.97
59.51°N	139.67°W	-15.68
39.56°N	120.82°W	-15.62
36.43°N	94.45°W	-15.53
39.75°N	122.20°W	-15.22
59.75°N	154.91°W	-15.18
38.20°N	92.62°W	-14.85
44.24°N	112.20°W	-14.72
40.58°N	105.09°W	-14.68
38.52°N	89.85°W	-14.57
36.45°N	103.15°W	-14.47
66.89°N	162.61°W	-14.13
45.60°N	122.61°W	-14.12
42.60°N	123.37°W	-14.10
40.71°N	122.42°W	-14.00
37.61°N	109.48°W	-13.88
38.05°N	103.51°W	-13.88
47.48°N	115.93°W	-13.86
58.68°N	156.63°W	-13.86
42.38°N	122.88°W	-13.80
39.39°N	120.09°W	-13.78
45.27°N	122.32°W	-13.71
47.14°N	121.94°W	-13.70
44.91°N	123.00°W	-13.68
38.18°N	85.73°W	-13.62
34.65°N	112.42°W	-13.50
34.93°N	112.81°W	-13.42
36.78°N	119.72°W	-13.38
60.49°N	145.44°W	-13.28
36.10°N	79.94°W	-13.25
43.57°N	116.24°W	-13.20
47.01°N	123.40°W	-13.12
34.53°N	117.29°W	-13.06
35.47°N	114.92°W	-13.05
38.43°N	122.86°W	-12.95
42.73°N	122.52°W	-12.94
40.77°N	111.97°W	-12.93
58.35°N	134.56°W	-12.93
45.49°N	111.63°W	-12.85
38.81°N	104.69°W	-12.85
41.39°N	70.52°W	-12.83
39.07°N	95.63°W	-12.78
44.89°N	116.10°W	-12.75
45.44°N	105.41°W	-12.75
37.68°N	121.75°W	-12.74
36.96°N	86.42°W	-12.72
38.49°N	107.88°W	-12.67
34.11°N	109.86°W	-12.62
38.23°N	75.38°W	-12.56
38.53°N	81.92°W	-12.44
60.58°N	151.24°W	-12.40
35.18°N	79.68°W	-12.38
48.97°N	122.33°W	-12.30
35.86°N	106.32°W	-12.29
40.82°N	115.79°W	-12.25
64.51°N	165.44°W	-12.20
37.67°N	95.48°W	-12.18
38.03°N	84.61°W	-12.05
34.23°N	111.34°W	-12.00
37.76°N	99.97°W	-11.97
38.85°N	77.03°W	-11.95
35.03°N	85.20°W	-11.93
37.62°N	122.37°W	-11.91
33.95°N	83.33°W	-11.88
35.23°N	101.71°W	-11.88
36.90°N	76.19°W	-11.85
34.57°N	112.43°W	-11.82
38.78°N	97.64°W	-11.81
37.24°N	93.40°W	-11.70
38.87°N	98.81°W	-11.68
37.00°N	119.71°W	-11.60
39.13°N	94.59°W	-11.50
33.43°N	112.00°W	-11.43
40.15°N	122.25°W	-11.43
44.08°N	116.93°W	-11.37
37.26°N	104.33°W	-11.36
44.61°N	121.95°W	-11.35
60.79°N	161.83°W	-11.35
37.44°N	112.48°W	-11.33
39.37°N	101.70°W	-11.15
36.30°N	99.77°W	-11.12
40.48°N	124.10°W	-11.07
35.03°N	110.72°W	-11.05
34.18°N	118.57°W	-11.04
33.43°N	111.92°W	-11.04
40.17°N	110.40°W	-10.97
38.75°N	90.37°W	-10.90
35.89°N	78.78°W	-10.88
37.06°N	120.87°W	-10.85
37.03°N	112.54°W	-10.85
45.30°N	121.74°W	-10.84
38.53°N	121.98°W	-10.82
35.66°N	105.14°W	-10.82
39.46°N	80.14°W	-10.75
46.60°N	111.99°W	-10.75
33.74°N	117.87°W	-10.69
33.63°N	84.44°W	-10.65
36.02°N	76.55°W	-10.62
38.27°N	122.07°W	-10.60
38.56°N	121.42°W	-10.55
38.37°N	110.72°W	-10.54
35.60°N	82.56°W	-10.53
38.55°N	86.79°W	-10.50
40.17°N	103.21°W	-10.47
40.90°N	117.81°W	-10.45
34.57°N	85.61°W	-10.38
41.70°N	122.64°W	-10.35
35.06°N	78.86°W	-10.34
44.95°N	123.29°W	-10.32
36.82°N	76.03°W	-10.32
46.37°N	117.02°W	-10.30
35.87°N	76.66°W	-10.25
37.37°N	118.36°W	-10.25
37.75°N	107.10°W	-10.24
46.56°N	120.54°W	-10.22
34.98°N	91.50°W	-10.20
37.32°N	79.97°W	-10.18
36.11°N	86.69°W	-10.18
37.15°N	94.50°W	-10.18
43.15°N	124.40°W	-10.17
33.66°N	82.19°W	-10.17
41.49°N	71.54°W	-10.10
43.41°N	124.24°W	-10.05
39.03°N	76.93°W	-10.03
36.03°N	102.55°W	-9.97
39.37°N	106.19°W	-9.95
36.74°N	97.10°W	-9.90
37.89°N	121.23°W	-9.90
38.86°N	99.34°W	-9.88
39.04°N	84.67°W	-9.88
39.16°N	90.78°W	-9.83
32.75°N	109.12°W	-9.82
45.03°N	123.92°W	-9.82
44.13°N	123.22°W	-9.80
37.07°N	88.77°W	-9.78
39.87°N	75.23°W	-9.72
35.22°N	80.95°W	-9.72
38.68°N	82.18°W	-9.57
41.87°N	103.60°W	-9.55
35.39°N	97.60°W	-9.53
35.67°N	120.63°W	-9.53
38.05°N	87.51°W	-9.53
39.07°N	100.24°W	-9.52
39.48°N	88.17°W	-9.50
34.13°N	116.04°W	-9.47
35.74°N	81.38°W	-9.45
39.38°N	74.42°W	-9.43
43.25°N	104.29°W	-9.40
43.68°N	121.69°W	-9.40
45.45°N	122.15°W	-9.38
36.66°N	121.61°W	-9.36
34.31°N	112.17°W	-9.32
39.65°N	79.92°W	-9.32
40.92°N	81.44°W	-9.30
35.24°N	112.19°W	-9.27
36.60°N	78.30°W	-9.27
32.90°N	107.31°W	-9.26
38.30°N	122.46°W	-9.25
35.14°N	111.67°W	-9.20
41.67°N	103.10°W	-9.17
35.97°N	79.97°W	-9.15
40.54°N	97.59°W	-9.12
36.48°N	82.40°W	-9.12
39.17°N	120.14°W	-9.10
42.86°N	100.55°W	-9.07
38.54°N	121.78°W	-9.05
48.50°N	113.98°W	-9.04
34.85°N	83.94°W	-9.03
41.12°N	100.67°W	-9.03
38.80°N	99.72°W	-9.00
45.62°N	121.17°W	-9.00
39.17°N	76.68°W	-9.00
37.55°N	91.88°W	-8.95
37.51°N	77.32°W	-8.95
62.32°N	150.10°W	-8.95
36.20°N	119.05°W	-8.94
47.00°N	118.57°W	-8.93
40.96°N	98.31°W	-8.93
39.81°N	120.47°W	-8.90
36.20°N	95.88°W	-8.90
35.52°N	111.37°W	-8.89
37.81°N	100.35°W	-8.88
39.34°N	81.44°W	-8.88
35.04°N	106.62°W	-8.88
34.77°N	114.62°W	-8.88
44.26°N	121.14°W	-8.88
60.13°N	149.42°W	-8.82
44.38°N	108.04°W	-8.80
34.19°N	101.70°W	-8.79
36.73°N	76.60°W	-8.78
38.95°N	119.78°W	-8.75
46.76°N	117.19°W	-8.72
39.40°N	77.98°W	-8.68
42.55°N	99.85°W	-8.64
40.97°N	111.43°W	-8.60
33.65°N	101.81°W	-8.57
38.34°N	75.51°W	-8.57
30.67°N	104.02°W	-8.57
62.96°N	141.94°W	-8.57
46.97°N	122.91°W	-8.55
38.51°N	121.50°W	-8.50
34.65°N	120.45°W	-8.47
44.10°N	122.69°W	-8.47
40.78°N	73.97°W	-8.45
38.30°N	76.42°W	-8.44
36.32°N	119.64°W	-8.39
38.19°N	81.37°W	-8.38
37.44°N	105.86°W	-8.38
41.31°N	95.90°W	-8.35
43.44°N	103.47°W	-8.32
37.74°N	77.04°W	-8.32
35.67°N	85.78°W	-8.30
34.89°N	120.45°W	-8.30
38.28°N	122.26°W	-8.28
36.00°N	84.22°W	-8.28
39.71°N	86.28°W	-8.28
36.84°N	108.00°W	-8.27
38.68°N	121.79°W	-8.26
36.94°N	76.29°W	-8.26
35.80°N	82.67°W	-8.25
45.68°N	121.52°W	-8.23
48.34°N	114.02°W	-8.22
35.07°N	108.84°W	-8.22
39.42°N	85.01°W	-8.19
38.13°N	105.47°W	-8.15
39.67°N	75.61°W	-8.15
34.74°N	87.60°W	-8.15
34.50°N	82.71°W	-8.15
38.10°N	81.85°W	-8.12
38.28°N	120.31°W	-8.11
39.91°N	84.22°W	-8.10
45.81°N	108.55°W	-8.07
34.80°N	109.89°W	-8.06
36.38°N	84.87°W	-8.06
40.78°N	73.88°W	-8.05
37.60°N	94.28°W	-8.03
34.47°N	91.42°W	-8.00
39.80°N	74.78°W	-8.00
34.99°N	99.05°W	-8.00
40.68°N	74.17°W	-7.97
37.63°N	120.96°W	-7.96
46.29°N	107.23°W	-7.94
42.23°N	113.89°W	-7.93
40.54°N	112.32°W	-7.90
39.84°N	96.64°W	-7.87
38.89°N	79.86°W	-7.82
39.17°N	85.92°W	-7.81
39.30°N	114.85°W	-7.80
62.96°N	155.61°W	-7.79
32.13°N	110.96°W	-7.78
40.65°N	75.45°W	-7.75
38.60°N	100.62°W	-7.72
39.85°N	89.68°W	-7.67
39.53°N	121.16°W	-7.63
48.35°N	116.84°W	-7.62
37.94°N	101.25°W	-7.62
41.75°N	81.30°W	-7.60
34.96°N	93.16°W	-7.54
43.78°N	122.96°W	-7.50
37.77°N	122.43°W	-7.50
40.14°N	87.65°W	-7.46
38.72°N	76.19°W	-7.45
33.80°N	118.34°W	-7.44
41.53°N	93.65°W	-7.42
47.62°N	117.53°W	-7.42
34.61°N	111.84°W	-7.41
41.77°N	99.18°W	-7.40
44.57°N	116.68°W	-7.38
39.60°N	83.91°W	-7.38
39.94°N	91.20°W	-7.35
33.81°N	118.15°W	-7.35
34.09°N	82.59°W	-7.33
35.30°N	87.76°W	-7.33
39.13°N	108.54°W	-7.33
40.74°N	74.35°W	-7.30
36.38°N	119.03°W	-7.25
38.38°N	81.59°W	-7.25
41.77°N	74.15°W	-7.24
38.04°N	103.69°W	-7.21
46.30°N	111.45°W	-7.20
40.08°N	111.60°W	-7.19
42.55°N	113.77°W	-7.17
46.60°N	107.87°W	-7.16
45.92°N	108.25°W	-7.15
33.95°N	81.12°W	-7.15
39.01°N	99.87°W	-7.12
32.95°N	105.82°W	-7.11
36.01°N	85.13°W	-7.11
40.10°N	84.65°W	-7.10
45.64°N	121.95°W	-7.10
41.98°N	97.43°W	-7.08
44.27°N	71.30°W	-7.05
33.24°N	116.76°W	-7.04
39.15°N	75.51°W	-7.03
41.57°N	101.69°W	-7.01
44.63°N	123.19°W	-7.00
41.33°N	75.72°W	-6.93
34.23°N	87.64°W	-6.93
39.74°N	99.84°W	-6.89
47.45°N	104.34°W	-6.88
66.92°N	151.52°W	-6.88
34.94°N	81.04°W	-6.86
35.31°N	81.57°W	-6.85
39.95°N	81.89°W	-6.84
62.16°N	145.46°W	-6.84
45.94°N	102.16°W	-6.83
37.35°N	87.52°W	-6.82
34.15°N	118.14°W	-6.81
40.67°N	89.68°W	-6.80
45.70°N	110.44°W	-6.80
38.71°N	112.95°W	-6.75
41.01°N	83.67°W	-6.72
38.10°N	98.66°W	-6.71
37.32°N	79.21°W	-6.67
40.27°N	105.83°W	-6.65
39.63°N	113.89°W	-6.64
36.59°N	121.86°W	-6.62
40.12°N	102.72°W	-6.61
36.21°N	121.14°W	-6.58
39.99°N	82.88°W	-6.58
40.49°N	107.25°W	-6.57
35.06°N	89.99°W	-6.53
37.38°N	107.58°W	-6.50
43.72°N	123.06°W	-6.50
38.82°N	81.71°W	-6.50
45.66°N	111.05°W	-6.45
47.03°N	108.80°W	-6.44
40.94°N	100.15°W	-6.41
41.74°N	72.65°W	-6.40
64.80°N	147.88°W	-6.40
37.30°N	76.70°W	-6.39
37.16°N	101.34°W	-6.38
45.18°N	109.26°W	-6.38
64.79°N	141.20°W	-6.36
34.07°N	118.44°W	-6.31
40.19°N	83.27°W	-6.30
41.72°N	71.43°W	-6.30
40.64°N	73.76°W	-6.30
44.27°N	105.45°W	-6.29
33.37°N	81.96°W	-6.28
35.33°N	94.37°W	-6.28
35.39°N	99.51°W	-6.27
43.45°N	76.54°W	-6.25
39.16°N	89.49°W	-6.22
40.96°N	72.72°W	-6.21
42.90°N	122.13°W	-6.19
39.76°N	104.87°W	-6.17
35.50°N	82.60°W	-6.17
47.32°N	116.58°W	-6.13
35.68°N	80.48°W	-6.08
39.09°N	120.95°W	-6.01
38.38°N	88.33°W	-6.01
41.40°N	102.35°W	-6.00
43.90°N	99.86°W	-6.00
35.82°N	83.99°W	-6.00
44.84°N	117.81°W	-6.00
39.27°N	80.35°W	-5.99
37.71°N	113.10°W	-5.97
47.43°N	120.31°W	-5.97
48.47°N	120.19°W	-5.96
61.57°N	149.25°W	-5.96
46.92°N	114.09°W	-5.95
42.68°N	113.50°W	-5.92
39.64°N	77.70°W	-5.90
46.87°N	68.02°W	-5.90
40.08°N	95.59°W	-5.88
40.30°N	86.51°W	-5.86
41.25°N	80.67°W	-5.83
41.45°N	97.76°W	-5.80
41.16°N	73.13°W	-5.79
33.99°N	81.02°W	-5.78
48.65°N	118.74°W	-5.78
37.20°N	108.49°W	-5.75
43.71°N	72.29°W	-5.72
30.29°N	81.39°W	-5.70
27.96°N	82.54°W	-5.70
64.86°N	147.85°W	-5.70
39.11°N	108.35°W	-5.64
37.01°N	101.89°W	-5.62
34.19°N	79.73°W	-5.60
63.99°N	145.72°W	-5.60
33.93°N	93.85°W	-5.58
47.23°N	117.36°W	-5.55
45.12°N	122.07°W	-5.54
42.05°N	91.59°W	-5.54
39.77°N	75.54°W	-5.53
38.06°N	103.22°W	-5.53
47.82°N	112.19°W	-5.53
40.40°N	111.53°W	-5.53
39.26°N	111.63°W	-5.53
41.42°N	95.00°W	-5.50
45.53°N	102.47°W	-5.50
41.94°N	72.68°W	-5.50
33.94°N	118.39°W	-5.50
40.73°N	99.01°W	-5.47
32.52°N	84.94°W	-5.47
38.02°N	97.36°W	-5.45
35.43°N	119.06°W	-5.45
45.96°N	112.50°W	-5.45
31.81°N	106.38°W	-5.42
27.94°N	81.60°W	-5.40
39.22°N	105.28°W	-5.39
30.33°N	95.48°W	-5.38
38.04°N	78.01°W	-5.38
34.27°N	77.90°W	-5.38
39.29°N	112.65°W	-5.35
34.90°N	76.88°W	-5.35
38.82°N	106.13°W	-5.31
45.15°N	67.40°W	-5.30
43.24°N	97.57°W	-5.30
37.99°N	76.78°W	-5.30
39.28°N	81.56°W	-5.27
37.99°N	89.19°W	-5.25
32.90°N	80.04°W	-5.25
46.11°N	123.21°W	-5.20
40.52°N	101.03°W	-5.19
46.82°N	108.37°W	-5.15
33.59°N	85.85°W	-5.15
39.56°N	111.87°W	-5.14
33.57°N	86.75°W	-5.12
42.92°N	112.57°W	-5.12
35.07°N	77.05°W	-5.12
35.20°N	103.69°W	-5.11
41.15°N	104.81°W	-5.10
39.20°N	96.58°W	-5.08
41.51°N	111.16°W	-5.06
36.47°N	104.95°W	-5.06
34.61°N	81.67°W	-5.03
40.19°N	105.87°W	-5.00
46.99°N	112.01°W	-5.00
42.21°N	122.71°W	-5.00
42.39°N	96.38°W	-5.00
39.64°N	91.25°W	-4.98
38.47°N	101.77°W	-4.92
44.35°N	103.74°W	-4.92
44.47°N	73.15°W	-4.92
41.45°N	90.52°W	-4.88
39.41°N	79.40°W	-4.87
36.87°N	94.36°W	-4.85
46.09°N	118.29°W	-4.85
38.03°N	78.52°W	-4.83
46.48°N	84.36°W	-4.83
40.48°N	80.21°W	-4.83
41.79°N	90.26°W	-4.80
41.10°N	92.44°W	-4.80
42.88°N	97.36°W	-4.80
48.15°N	104.52°W	-4.78
41.05°N	83.66°W	-4.75
28.42°N	81.32°W	-4.75
43.64°N	70.30°W	-4.75
34.85°N	116.79°W	-4.75
48.71°N	121.14°W	-4.74
40.37°N	95.75°W	-4.72
40.12°N	76.43°W	-4.71
35.69°N	77.95°W	-4.70
63.72°N	148.97°W	-4.70
40.07°N	97.17°W	-4.69
43.97°N	112.26°W	-4.68
47.05°N	109.46°W	-4.67
38.91°N	76.97°W	-4.65
43.30°N	91.80°W	-4.64
38.44°N	107.56°W	-4.62
30.74°N	98.65°W	-4.62
39.59°N	122.53°W	-4.58
39.72°N	91.37°W	-4.58
32.69°N	117.21°W	-4.58
40.62°N	111.78°W	-4.56
43.88°N	91.25°W	-4.55
37.81°N	92.23°W	-4.53
43.79°N	123.03°W	-4.53
37.20°N	80.41°W	-4.50
48.21°N	106.62°W	-4.50
37.21°N	112.98°W	-4.47
35.41°N	80.56°W	-4.45
29.17°N	81.07°W	-4.42
35.63°N	120.69°W	-4.40
35.95°N	106.75°W	-4.39
39.80°N	79.37°W	-4.38
30.07°N	94.29°W	-4.38
36.33°N	119.30°W	-4.37
40.36°N	109.35°W	-4.37
44.84°N	106.84°W	-4.37
39.12°N	97.70°W	-4.35
45.79°N	111.16°W	-4.35
41.74°N	87.78°W	-4.33
42.97°N	83.75°W	-4.33
64.86°N	147.86°W	-4.33
40.18°N	97.59°W	-4.30
34.42°N	119.84°W	-4.30
34.56°N	101.72°W	-4.28
42.08°N	80.18°W	-4.25
45.12°N	95.93°W	-4.22
40.60°N	111.58°W	-4.20
48.27°N	117.74°W	-4.19
41.79°N	70.92°W	-4.14
33.66°N	101.28°W	-4.12
65.17°N	152.11°W	-4.12
39.46°N	118.78°W	-4.10
41.03°N	74.42°W	-4.10
34.02°N	118.29°W	-4.10
32.73°N	117.18°W	-4.05
42.19°N	89.09°W	-4.05
38.19°N	94.02°W	-4.04
45.97°N	109.25°W	-4.03
45.09°N	71.29°W	-4.03
35.88°N	77.54°W	-4.01
38.21°N	98.21°W	-4.00
47.31°N	119.52°W	-4.00
35.79°N	78.70°W	-3.99
34.22°N	102.73°W	-3.98
40.00°N	86.35°W	-3.97
34.15°N	115.12°W	-3.97
37.69°N	106.31°W	-3.96
28.02°N	82.14°W	-3.95
48.25°N	101.27°W	-3.95
48.60°N	112.38°W	-3.92
35.91°N	79.08°W	-3.90
33.60°N	85.08°W	-3.88
45.54°N	106.96°W	-3.88
35.85°N	77.03°W	-3.88
36.52°N	82.53°W	-3.88
48.30°N	114.26°W	-3.85
29.65°N	95.28°W	-3.85
45.21°N	112.64°W	-3.83
40.81°N	82.97°W	-3.83
41.41°N	81.86°W	-3.83
46.84°N	92.21°W	-3.83
34.06°N	85.23°W	-3.79
46.79°N	105.30°W	-3.77
42.75°N	73.80°W	-3.77
43.52°N	112.07°W	-3.77
41.87°N	120.16°W	-3.77
40.61°N	96.87°W	-3.72
38.09°N	102.63°W	-3.70
34.64°N	81.52°W	-3.70
35.62°N	88.85°W	-3.68
35.41°N	86.81°W	-3.67
39.96°N	111.78°W	-3.67
32.13°N	81.20°W	-3.67
37.24°N	95.70°W	-3.62
32.83°N	108.50°W	-3.62
32.30°N	86.41°W	-3.62
43.59°N	96.73°W	-3.62
41.46°N	97.33°W	-3.61
40.44°N	109.54°W	-3.61
40.78°N	81.92°W	-3.60
45.83°N	109.95°W	-3.58
36.59°N	101.62°W	-3.57
45.48°N	120.72°W	-3.57
27.44°N	80.35°W	-3.56
40.29°N	109.96°W	-3.56
44.09°N	104.61°W	-3.55
46.43°N	105.88°W	-3.55
42.56°N	111.76°W	-3.54
34.19°N	118.35°W	-3.53
30.73°N	91.37°W	-3.50
42.76°N	96.92°W	-3.50
37.17°N	94.83°W	-3.47
40.95°N	83.96°W	-3.45
33.31°N	104.51°W	-3.45
42.96°N	87.90°W	-3.42
41.91°N	111.81°W	-3.40
32.78°N	79.92°W	-3.40
43.77°N	111.03°W	-3.40
48.69°N	116.31°W	-3.39
44.84°N	108.40°W	-3.39
38.82°N	106.61°W	-3.38
37.63°N	104.80°W	-3.38
36.39°N	89.03°W	-3.38
44.92°N	110.42°W	-3.38
40.14°N	91.52°W	-3.36
35.27°N	82.65°W	-3.35
40.81°N	124.16°W	-3.35
41.24°N	76.92°W	-3.33
40.97°N	85.21°W	-3.33
34.89°N	79.69°W	-3.31
37.73°N	105.51°W	-3.27
40.65°N	98.38°W	-3.27
37.95°N	86.77°W	-3.25
41.29°N	94.45°W	-3.25
40.20°N	115.49°W	-3.25
37.16°N	98.03°W	-3.25
42.55°N	92.40°W	-3.25
35.59°N	88.92°W	-3.23
43.21°N	71.50°W	-3.23
39.80°N	101.04°W	-3.20
43.17°N	86.24°W	-3.20
43.53°N	84.08°W	-3.20
44.92°N	69.24°W	-3.17
34.68°N	81.20°W	-3.17
29.95°N	94.03°W	-3.17
40.67°N	96.19°W	-3.17
47.48°N	100.45°W	-3.11
45.87°N	95.39°W	-3.10
37.19°N	99.76°W	-3.08
40.43°N	105.21°W	-3.08
39.60°N	85.45°W	-3.03
40.47°N	87.69°W	-3.03
45.89°N	104.55°W	-3.02
39.27°N	103.67°W	-3.02
39.11°N	82.98°W	-3.00
32.33°N	88.75°W	-3.00
41.50°N	80.47°W	-2.97
31.15°N	81.39°W	-2.95
44.50°N	88.11°W	-2.95
34.37°N	81.08°W	-2.89
46.73°N	116.96°W	-2.88
43.89°N	100.71°W	-2.88
39.47°N	80.86°W	-2.88
44.79°N	122.82°W	-2.87
40.85°N	101.54°W	-2.87
44.41°N	103.48°W	-2.85
47.88°N	114.03°W	-2.83
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47.77°N	118.72°W	+2.33
42.56°N	87.82°W	+2.33
39.73°N	82.22°W	+2.35
43.18°N	95.66°W	+2.38
45.79°N	88.08°W	+2.38
34.73°N	76.74°W	+2.38
39.27°N	79.37°W	+2.40
42.75°N	92.80°W	+2.42
42.45°N	76.45°W	+2.42
32.02°N	97.11°W	+2.43
42.04°N	92.58°W	+2.45
47.94°N	97.18°W	+2.45
41.28°N	91.71°W	+2.48
43.71°N	106.64°W	+2.48
40.74°N	106.28°W	+2.50
38.61°N	95.28°W	+2.55
43.49°N	110.76°W	+2.55
31.78°N	103.20°W	+2.57
40.85°N	84.58°W	+2.60
44.28°N	88.44°W	+2.60
34.35°N	82.93°W	+2.62
33.55°N	102.38°W	+2.62
31.81°N	95.14°W	+2.63
33.01°N	82.39°W	+2.64
43.44°N	75.37°W	+2.65
43.65°N	117.25°W	+2.65
40.95°N	91.56°W	+2.67
44.72°N	96.27°W	+2.70
41.85°N	79.15°W	+2.70
42.91°N	88.86°W	+2.70
43.69°N	98.67°W	+2.71
42.12°N	111.31°W	+2.75
44.12°N	89.54°W	+2.75
46.89°N	101.49°W	+2.77
47.66°N	118.16°W	+2.79
45.79°N	97.75°W	+2.79
37.38°N	89.67°W	+2.81
44.52°N	98.98°W	+2.81
39.14°N	77.71°W	+2.83
32.38°N	81.67°W	+2.83
44.30°N	92.67°W	+2.83
44.88°N	87.34°W	+2.85
34.05°N	94.35°W	+2.85
41.59°N	81.19°W	+2.85
43.65°N	97.80°W	+2.88
42.08°N	90.66°W	+2.89
42.59°N	71.02°W	+2.89
37.15°N	92.26°W	+2.89
31.14°N	93.24°W	+2.90
44.80°N	69.89°W	+2.96
37.37°N	95.29°W	+2.97
30.88°N	87.79°W	+3.05
45.82°N	91.88°W	+3.08
43.24°N	99.43°W	+3.10
36.11°N	82.84°W	+3.10
42.06°N	97.97°W	+3.12
47.25°N	94.22°W	+3.13
37.19°N	95.45°W	+3.14
45.81°N	96.50°W	+3.14
32.75°N	104.38°W	+3.15
43.05°N	91.14°W	+3.15
43.70°N	92.56°W	+3.23
45.30°N	92.36°W	+3.25
37.47°N	96.27°W	+3.27
32.47°N	87.23°W	+3.29
32.20°N	83.21°W	+3.29
45.41°N	84.22°W	+3.29
44.51°N	89.59°W	+3.33
41.84°N	89.51°W	+3.33
33.99°N	81.77°W	+3.36
44.24°N	95.63°W	+3.38
42.33°N	78.46°W	+3.38
48.59°N	109.23°W	+3.40
32.33°N	104.26°W	+3.40
36.26°N	90.97°W	+3.42
34.60°N	91.99°W	+3.42
34.24°N	85.16°W	+3.46
43.40°N	95.75°W	+3.48
45.09°N	91.49°W	+3.50
45.18°N	89.66°W	+3.50
47.23°N	95.19°W	+3.51
31.62°N	97.23°W	+3.55
41.67°N	92.00°W	+3.59
42.42°N	94.98°W	+3.62
44.28°N	83.50°W	+3.62
43.24°N	88.12°W	+3.65
37.76°N	81.19°W	+3.73
43.50°N	100.48°W	+3.75
42.95°N	112.83°W	+3.79
47.88°N	96.28°W	+3.79
33.20°N	97.11°W	+3.79
42.51°N	99.03°W	+3.89
31.25°N	89.34°W	+3.93
45.95°N	86.25°W	+4.00
44.03°N	88.15°W	+4.03
42.47°N	93.80°W	+4.03
44.31°N	84.89°W	+4.06
33.82°N	93.39°W	+4.06
43.56°N	90.88°W	+4.07
42.69°N	103.88°W	+4.11
47.52°N	100.89°W	+4.14
42.25°N	74.91°W	+4.20
44.35°N	75.51°W	+4.25
44.35°N	89.06°W	+4.32
43.04°N	96.90°W	+4.33
41.06°N	80.06°W	+4.34
42.78°N	91.45°W	+4.38
44.85°N	92.61°W	+4.38
36.25°N	85.95°W	+4.42
35.06°N	83.20°W	+4.43
46.19°N	103.37°W	+4.50
30.07°N	91.03°W	+4.58
44.31°N	85.21°W	+4.58
32.45°N	100.53°W	+4.58
44.01°N	83.90°W	+4.60
36.42°N	92.92°W	+4.62
45.13°N	94.53°W	+4.62
45.36°N	86.89°W	+4.67
46.59°N	89.55°W	+4.70
42.85°N	88.72°W	+4.74
48.97°N	97.24°W	+4.76
30.78°N	85.55°W	+4.87
41.79°N	89.97°W	+4.88
41.39°N	74.69°W	+4.88
32.49°N	94.33°W	+4.88
31.45°N	83.48°W	+4.89
46.25°N	91.80°W	+4.91
33.22°N	92.81°W	+4.92
42.64°N	85.29°W	+4.96
48.70°N	106.32°W	+4.97
45.17°N	84.44°W	+4.97
44.76°N	88.62°W	+5.03
43.83°N	82.64°W	+5.09
46.88°N	98.69°W	+5.12
43.73°N	87.97°W	+5.12
42.72°N	74.93°W	+5.15
43.31°N	96.59°W	+5.17
41.20°N	80.81°W	+5.20
42.94°N	72.32°W	+5.22
28.80°N	82.31°W	+5.25
41.31°N	81.15°W	+5.25
34.37°N	89.53°W	+5.33
42.15°N	92.01°W	+5.35
35.60°N	91.27°W	+5.38
44.14°N	87.57°W	+5.38
39.41°N	105.48°W	+5.41
43.53°N	89.44°W	+5.44
34.69°N	86.88°W	+5.45
34.39°N	92.84°W	+5.47
44.05°N	96.59°W	+5.54
47.82°N	96.61°W	+5.57
30.11°N	83.18°W	+5.60
35.92°N	86.37°W	+5.60
42.76°N	71.06°W	+5.62
43.17°N	88.74°W	+5.65
45.77°N	99.62°W	+5.70
45.72°N	120.21°W	+5.75
44.65°N	84.70°W	+5.83
35.85°N	90.66°W	+5.93
32.18°N	94.80°W	+5.93
44.89°N	87.96°W	+5.97
34.80°N	92.84°W	+5.98
46.31°N	119.26°W	+6.04
46.51°N	99.77°W	+6.08
30.20°N	92.66°W	+6.16
46.55°N	87.38°W	+6.22
43.63°N	72.98°W	+6.30
45.65°N	84.47°W	+6.38
34.23°N	92.02°W	+6.53
41.93°N	85.64°W	+6.53
45.53°N	92.02°W	+6.54
43.80°N	88.45°W	+6.66
45.89°N	89.73°W	+6.71
45.96°N	94.89°W	+6.80
36.34°N	88.86°W	+6.80
44.09°N	87.65°W	+7.08
45.60°N	89.45°W	+7.15
44.73°N	92.46°W	+7.24
42.38°N	85.96°W	+7.27
45.03°N	84.71°W	+7.28
46.47°N	90.19°W	+7.44
35.81°N	80.88°W	+7.62
33.94°N	80.35°W	+7.62
45.37°N	84.98°W	+7.75
46.06°N	88.63°W	+8.25
32.31°N	97.41°W	+8.30
45.10°N	87.62°W	+8.80
30.55°N	87.88°W	+8.92
45.68°N	122.65°W	+9.85
42.70°N	87.79°W	+9.85
30.94°N	95.92°W	+11.01
33.21°N	98.17°W	+12.17
32.81°N	93.06°W	+14.37

Figure 8

Key Points

• First leaf and bloom dates in lilacs and honeysuckles in the contiguous 48 states show a great deal of year-to-year variability, which makes it difficult to determine whether a statistically meaningful change has taken place. In the last few decades, however, earlier start dates for these springtime events appear more prevalent (Figure 1).
• While first leaf and bloom dates in Alaska show a great deal of year-to-year variability, start dates for these springtime events appear to be trending earlier over the last few decades (Figure 2). This change is statistically significant.
• In general, leaf and bloom events are happening earlier throughout most of the contiguous 48 states and in Alaska but later in much of the South and part of the Upper Midwest (Figures 3 and 4). This observation is consistent with many of the regional differences in temperature change shown by the U.S. and Global Temperature indicator.
• The patterns in this indicator are consistent with those found in other studies. For example, a study of vegetation in U.S. national parks also noted earlier leaf and bloom dates in Alaska and the northern and western portions of the contiguous 48 states.⁴ Other studies (e.g., Schwartz et al., 2006²) have looked at trends in leaf and bloom dates across all of North America and the entire Northern Hemisphere. These studies have also found a trend toward earlier spring events—some more pronounced than the trends seen in just the contiguous 48 states.

Background

The timing of natural events, such as flower blooms and animal migration, is influenced by a combination of environmental factors, including temperature, light, rainfall, and humidity. Phenology is the study of such important seasonal events. Phenological events are influenced by a combination of environmental factors, including temperature, light, rainfall, and humidity. Different plant and animal species respond to different cues.

Scientists have very high confidence that the earlier arrival of spring events is linked to recent warming trends in global climate.¹ Disruptions in the timing of these events can have a variety of impacts on ecosystems and human society. For example, an earlier spring might lead to longer growing seasons (see the Length of Growing Season indicator), more abundant invasive species and pests, and earlier and longer allergy seasons (see the Ragweed Pollen Season indicator). Unusually warm weather in late winter can create a “false spring” that triggers the new growth of plants to begin too early, leaving them vulnerable to any subsequent frosts.

Because of their close connection with climate, the timing of phenological events can be used as an indicator of the sensitivity of ecological processes to climate change. Two particularly useful indicators of the timing of spring events are the first leaf dates and the first bloom dates of lilacs and honeysuckles, which have an easily monitored flowering season, a relatively high survival rate, and a large geographic distribution. The first leaf date in these plants relates to the timing of events that occur in early spring, while the first bloom date is consistent with the timing of later spring events, such as the start of growth in forest vegetation.²

About the Indicator

This indicator shows trends in the timing of first leaf dates and first bloom dates in lilacs and honeysuckles across the contiguous 48 states and Alaska. Because many of the phenological observation records in the United States are less than 40 years long, and because these records may have gaps in time or space, computer models have been used to provide a more complete understanding of long-term trends nationwide.

The models for this indicator were developed using data from the USA National Phenology Network, which collects ground observations from a network of federal agencies, field stations, educational institutions, and citizens who have been trained to log observations of leaf and bloom dates. For consistency, observations were limited to a few specific types of lilacs and honeysuckles. Next, models were created to relate actual leaf and bloom observations with records from nearby weather stations. Once scientists were able to determine the relationship between climate factors (particularly temperatures) and leaf and bloom dates, they used this knowledge to estimate leaf and bloom dates for earlier years based on historical weather records. They also used the models to estimate how leaf and bloom dates would have changed in a few areas (mostly the warmest parts of the South and West and the coldest parts of Alaska) where lilacs and honeysuckles are not widespread.

This indicator uses data from nearly 3,000 weather stations throughout the contiguous 48 states and Alaska. The exact number of stations varies from year to year. For each year, the timing of first leaf and first bloom at each station was compared with the 1981 to 2010 average to determine the number of days’ “deviation from normal.” This indicator presents the average deviation across all stations, along with maps that compare the most recent 10-year period (2014–2023) with a mid-20^th-century baseline (1951–1960) at individual stations. These time periods were chosen to match published studies.³

About the Data

Indicator Notes

Plant phenological events are studied using several data collection methods, including satellite images, models, and direct observations. The use of different data collection methods and different phenological indicators (such as leaf or bloom dates for different types of plants) can lead to a range of estimates of the arrival of spring.

Climate is not the only factor that can affect phenology. Observed variations can also reflect plant genetics, changes in the surrounding ecosystem, and other factors. This indicator minimizes the influence of genetic variations by relying on cloned plants, which have no genetic differences.

Data Sources

Leaf and bloom observations were compiled by the USA National Phenology Network and are available at: www.usanpn.org. This indicator is also based on temperature data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Centers for Environmental Information, which maintains a large collection of climate data online at: www.ncei.noaa.gov. Data for this indicator were analyzed using methods described by Schwartz et al. (2013).³

Technical Documentation

• Download related technical information (PDF)

References

1. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2022). Climate change 2022—Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, & B. Rama, Eds.). Cambridge University Press. doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844
2. Schwartz, M. D., Ahas, R., & Aasa, A. (2006). Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere. Global Change Biology, 12(2), 343–351. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01097.x
3. Schwartz, M. D., Ault, T. R., & Betancourt, J. L. (2013). Spring onset variations and trends in the continental United States: Past and regional assessment using temperature-based indices. International Journal of Climatology, 33(13), 2917–2922. doi.org/10.1002/joc.3625
4. Monahan, W. B., Rosemartin, A., Gerst, K. L., Fisichelli, N. A., Ault, T., Schwartz, M. D., Gross, J. E., & Weltzin, J. F. (2016). Climate change is advancing spring onset across the U.S. national park system. Ecosphere, 7(10), e01465. doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1465

Text on this page is EPA’s own published wording (a U.S. Government work, not subject to domestic copyright), extracted from EPA’s published indicator page and verified paragraph by paragraph against the archived HTML. Data, chart code, and the full extraction pipeline are maintained in the leaf-and-bloom-dates repository, which this page reads its data from directly.